By default, this list only contains a few of the available formats. To add another format, click the + (the plus sign) button below the list. A dialog window appears, allowing you to select the desired format according to a region. The input field at the bottom part of the dialog window allows you to reduce the number of displayed items by typing first few letters of the region name in it (for example, « slov» for Slovakia).

Once you select a region, click the Select button to confirm your choice. The setting which determines what permissions are applied to a newly created file or directory is called a umask and is configured in the /etc/bashrc file. Traditionally on UNIX systems, the umask is set to 022, which allows only the user who created the file or directory to make modifications. Under this scheme, all other users, including members of the creator's group, are not allowed to make any modifications.

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However, under the UPG scheme, this « group protection» is not necessary since every user has their own private group. Utilities Description useradd, usermod, userdel Standard utilities for adding, modifying, and deleting user accounts. Groupadd, groupmod, groupdel Standard utilities for adding, modifying, and deleting groups. Gpasswd Standard utility for administering the /etc/group configuration file. Pwck, grpck Utilities that can be used for verification of the password, group, and associated shadow files. Pwconv, pwunconv Utilities that can be used for the conversion of passwords to shadow passwords, or back from shadow passwords to standard passwords. Option Description -c ' comment' comment can be replaced with any string.

This option is generally used to specify the full name of a user. -d home_directory Home directory to be used instead of default /home/ username/.

-e date Date for the account to be disabled in the format YYYY-MM-DD. -f days Number of days after the password expires until the account is disabled. If 0 is specified, the account is disabled immediately after the password expires. If -1 is specified, the account is not be disabled after the password expires. -g group_name Group name or group number for the user's default group.

The group must exist prior to being specified here. -G group_list List of additional (other than default) group names or group numbers, separated by commas, of which the user is a member. The groups must exist prior to being specified here. -m Create the home directory if it does not exist. -M Do not create the home directory. -N Do not create a user private group for the user.

-p password The password encrypted with crypt. -r Create a system account with a UID less than 1000 and without a home directory. -s User's login shell, which defaults to /bin/bash. -u uid User ID for the user, which must be unique and greater than 999. Explaining the Process.

Option Description -d days Specifies the number of days since January 1, 1970 the password was changed. -E date Specifies the date on which the account is locked, in the format YYYY-MM-DD. Instead of the date, the number of days since January 1, 1970 can also be used. -I days Specifies the number of inactive days after the password expiration before locking the account. If the value is 0, the account is not locked after the password expires.

-l Lists current account aging settings. -m days Specify the minimum number of days after which the user must change passwords. If the value is 0, the password does not expire. -M days Specify the maximum number of days for which the password is valid. When the number of days specified by this option plus the number of days specified with the -d option is less than the current day, the user must change passwords before using the account. -W days Specifies the number of days before the password expiration date to warn the user. System administrators usually like to create a group for each major project and assign people to the group when they need to access that project's files.

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With this traditional scheme, file managing is difficult; when someone creates a file, it is associated with the primary group to which they belong. When a single person works on multiple projects, it becomes difficult to associate the right files with the right group. However, with the UPG scheme, groups are automatically assigned to files created within a directory with the setgid bit set. The setgid bit makes managing group projects that share a common directory very simple because any files a user creates within the directory are owned by the group which owns the directory.

Yum is the The Fedora Project package manager that is able to query for information about packages, fetch packages from repositories, install and uninstall packages using automatic dependency resolution, and update an entire system to the latest available packages. Yum performs automatic dependency resolution on packages you are updating, installing or removing, and thus is able to automatically determine, fetch and install all available dependent packages. Yum can be configured with new, additional repositories, or package sources, and also provides many plug-ins which enhance and extend its capabilities.